Persamaan bahasa Tagalog dengan bahasa Melayu/Indonesia

Tagalog Makna Melayu
kanan kanan
tulong tolong
tanghalì tengah hari
dalamhatì pilu dalam + hati
luwalhatì keagungan luar + hati
duryán durian
rambután rambutan
batík bintik batik
saráp sedap
apat empat
lima lima
anim enam
ako aku
ikaw engkau
kami kami
sanggol bayi sanggul
dingding dinding
halaga harga
babae perempuan bibi
lalaki lelaki
langit langit
dagat laut darat
timog selatan timur
Diperoleh dari "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tagalog"
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List of loan words in Indonesian

The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages:

  • Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially Javanese). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Sanskrit-related languages as well as Tamil.
  • Muslim influence, which came at first through Arabic traders, over a number of centuries results in an extensive Arabic influence.
  • Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
  • Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, had an extensive impact on the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus had an impact on the structure of the language as well.
  • Modern Indonesian regularly adapts new words from other languages, particularly English.

See Indonesian history for more detail.

Indonesian differs from the Malay language in a number of respects, particularly the influence it had from Dutch. See Differences between Malay and Indonesian.

List of loanwords

Almost all loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origin comes from Hokkien dialect.

Bibliography

de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. ISBN 90-6718-004-1.

Word Meaning Language borrowed from
agama religion Sanskrit
aksara letter Sanskrit
bahasa language Sanskrit
bakti, bhakti homage, devotion, service etc. Sanskrit
berita news Sanskrit
budi reason Sanskrit
bumi earth Sanskrit
cahaya light Sanskrit
cakram, cakra disk, sphere etc. Sanskrit
cakrawala horizon Sanskrit
dana donation, funds Sanskrit
dharma, darma duty, good deeds (i.e. charity), truth etc. Sanskrit
desa village Sanskrit
genta bell Sanskrit
guna utilize, use, purpose Sanskrit
guru teacher, guru Sanskrit
jasa merit, service etc. Sanskrit
karma karma (Hindu origin) Sanskrit
karya work, oeuvre Sanskrit
kepala head Sanskrit
kerja work (same origin as karya) Sanskrit
mantra mantra Sanskrit
menteri minister (head of a government department) Sanskrit
nama name Sanskrit
negara country Sanskrit
negeri city (lit.) Sanskrit
pahala merit, reward (for moral conduct) Sanskrit
paksa to force Sanskrit
pustaka book Sanskrit
rasa emotion, feeling, taste Sanskrit
sastra literature Sanskrit
seteru enemy Sanskrit
topi hat Sanskrit
utara north Sanskrit
warna colour Sanskrit
warta news (same origin as berita) Sanskrit
warta berita news broadcast Sanskrit
apam kind of cake Tamil
kedai foodstall Tamil
akal reason (Ar. 'aqlun) Arabic
akhir end (Ar. akhirun) Arabic
akhlak moral ( Ar. akhlaqun) Arabic
akhirat hereafter (Ar. akhiratun) Arabic
anda you (formal) (Ar. anta) Arabic
awal beginning (Ar. awwalun) Arabic
badan body Arabic
berkah, barokah bless, barakah (Ar. barkatun) Arabic
daftar list (Ar. daftarun) Arabic
dunia world (Ar. dun-yaa`) Arabic
kitab book (Ar. kitabun) Arabic
kursi chair (Ar. kursiyyun) Arabic
halal lawful Arabic
haram unlawful Arabic
lisan mouthly, mouth (Ar. litsanun) Arabic
maaf sorry, to apologise Arabic
maksud meaning, purpose Arabic
majelis assembly, majlis (Ar. majlis) Arabic
masjid mosque (Ar. masjid) Arabic
mubazir useless (Ar. mubazir) Arabic
murtad apostate (Ar. murtad) Arabic
musim season Arabic
pikir to think (Ar. fikr) Arabic
sedekah gift, shodaqoh (Ar. shadaqatun) Arabic
senin monday (Ar. Itsnain) Arabic
selasa tuesday (Ar. Tsalasa) Arabic
rabu wednesday (Ar. Arba'a) Arabic
kamis thursday (Ar. khams) Arabic
jumat friday (Ar. jum'ah) Arabic
sabtu saturday (Ar. sabtu) Arabic
siasat trick Arabic
surat letter Arabic
waktu time (Ar. waqtun) Arabic
wilayah region, area Arabic
zakat alms (Ar. zakkatun) Arabic
zaman / jaman era Arabic
administrasi administration (Dutch administratie) Dutch
arde ground (Dutch = aarde = earth) Dutch
arbei strawberry (Dutch =aardbei) Dutch
ban tire (Dutch = band) Dutch
baskom, waskom washbasin (Dutch = waskom) Dutch
bengkel workplace (Dutch = winkel: store, originally angle) Dutch
besuk visiting (Dutch = bezoeken) Dutch
bioskop cinema (Dutch = bioscoop) Dutch
buncis green beans (Dutch = boontjes) Dutch
bruder Roman Catholic friar (Dutch broeder = brother) Dutch
buku book (Dutch = boek) Dutch
dak roof (Dutch = dak) Dutch
dasi necktie (Dutch = das(je)) Dutch
ember bucket (Dutch = emmer) Dutch
engsel hinges (Dutch = hengsel) Dutch
handuk towel (Dutch = handdoek) Dutch
hanger hanger Dutch
kabel cable (Dutch = Kabel) Dutch
kakus toilet (Dutch verb kakken/noun kakhuis) Dutch/Portuguese
kamar room (Dutch = kamer) Dutch
kantor office (Dutch = kantoor) Dutch
karcis ticket (Dutch = kaartjes: plural for diminutive of kaart, card or ticket) Dutch
kartu card (Dutch=kaart) Dutch
kelar ready, finished (Dutch = klaar) Dutch
knalpot (or kenalpot) exhaust (on a car) Dutch
kosen window frame (Dutch = kozijn) Dutch
kulkas refrigator {Dutch = koelkast) Dutch
laci deskdrawer (Dutch = laatje: diminutive form of la(de)) Dutch
lampu lamp Dutch
oom / om uncle (Dutch = oom) Dutch
migrasi migration (Dutch = migratie) Dutch
mur/baut nut/bolt (Dutch = moer/bout) Dutch
pabrik factory (Dutch = fabriek) Dutch
pensil pencil (Dutch penseel (brush)) Dutch
plafon ceiling (Dutch = plafond, from French) Dutch
potlot pencil (Dutch = potlood) Dutch
rekening account (Dutch = rekening) Dutch
resleting zipper (Dutch = ritssluiting) Dutch
ribewis driving licence (Dutch = rijbewijs) Dutch
sekrup screw (Dutch = schroef) Dutch
sepeda bicycle (most probably from French velocipede) Dutch
sirkulasi circulation (Dutch circulatie) Dutch
slang water hose Dutch
tante aunt (Dutch = tante, from French) Dutch
tas bag Dutch
tegel floor tile Dutch
telat (too) late (Dutch = te laat) Dutch
wastafel sink Dutch
wortel carrot Dutch
zuster, suster nun, nurse, sister Dutch
mantel coat Dutch
amoi Chinese girl (from Port of Amoy, China) Chinese
angpao gift money for Chinese New Year Chinese
bakmie meat noodle Chinese
bakso meatball Chinese
dacin balance scale Chinese
duit money (Chinese = lui) Chinese
gua me (slang) Chinese
hoki luck, lucky Chinese
kecap soybean sauce, (ketchup is 'saus tomat', it is not the kecap of soybean) Chinese
loteng 2nd storey of a house Chinese
mak comblang match maker Chinese
mecin MSG (flavouring for cooking) Chinese
mesiu gunpowder (not clear whether of Chinese descent or not) Chinese
pasar market Chinese
singkek Chinese newcomer (derogative), pure blooded Chinese, i.e. not of mixed ancestry Chinese
tahu tofu Chinese
teh tea Chinese
tionghoa Chinese Chinese
tiongkok China Chinese
justru (just) true English
gosip gossip English
target target English
kado gift (Fr. cadeau, Dutch kado/cadeau) French
kudeta coup d'état French
supir driver (Fr. chauffeur) French
aku I, me Javanese
armada fleet (Port. armada) Portuguese
belanda Dutch, Holland, any westerner (Port. Holanda) Portuguese
beranda verandah (Port. varanda) Portuguese
biola violin (Port. viola) Portuguese
boneka doll (Port. boneca) Portuguese
frambus raspberry (Dutch Framboos, Port. framboesa) Portuguese/Dutch
gardu to guard, watch post (Dutch Garde, Port. guarda) Portuguese/Dutch
gereja church (Port. igreja) Portuguese
gratis free (not having to pay) Portuguese/Dutch
gubernur governor (Dutch Gouverneur, Port. governador) Portuguese/Dutch
jendela window (Port. janela) Portuguese
keju cheese (Port. queijo) Portuguese
kemeja shirt (Port. camisa) Portuguese
kereta chariot/car (Port. carreta) Portuguese
lemari closet (Port. armário) Portuguese
meja table (Port. mesa) Portuguese
mentega butter (Port. manteiga) Portuguese
minggu Sunday (Port. domingo) Portuguese
sepatu shoe (Port. sapato) Portuguese
serdadu army (Port. soldado) Portuguese
solusi solution (Dutch solutie) Dutch
tempo time (Port. tempo) Portuguese
terigu flour (Port. trigo) Portuguese
topik topic (Port. tópico) Portuguese/Dutch
anjangsana high official visiting Sundanese
anjungan pavilion Minangkabau (W. Sumatra)
nan which, who (connecting word) Minangkabau
anda you (respectful) Nias (island W. of Sumatra)
so pasti surely Manado Malay
pahlawan hero Persian
piyama pajamas Persian
toko shop Japanese

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Timeline of Indonesian history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pre-history

  • Pleistocene: The modern geological form of Indonesia appears, linked to Asian mainland.
  • 2 million to 500,000 years ago: Indonesia is inhabited by Homo erectus, now popularly known as the 'Java Man'.[1]
  • 6,000 years ago: The modern peoples of Indonesia of Austronesian origins are thought to have immigrated from mainland South East Asia.
  • 200 BC: Dvipantara or Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom is thought to have existed in Java and Sumatra.
  • 700 AD: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with both China and India.
  • 3rd century to 1400s: The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.
  • 8th century to 832: The agriculturally-based Buddhist Sailendra kingdom flourishes and declines.
  • 752 to 1045: The Hindu Mataram dynasty flourishes and declines.

1200s

1300s

1400s

  • 1400s: Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion.
  • 1429: Queen Suhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[2]
  • 1447: Wijayaparakramawardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.[2]
  • 1451: Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[2]
  • 1453: Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.[2]
  • 1456: Girindrawardhana, styled Brawijaya VI becomes ruler of Majapahit.[2]
  • 1466: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girindrawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[2]
  • 1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.[2]

1500s

  • 1509: The Portuguese king sends Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, the eastern terminus of Asian trade. After initially receiving Sequeira, Sultan Mahmud Syah captures and/or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships, which escape.[3] The Javanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca.
  • 1511, August: Alfonso de Albuquerque after sailing from Portuguese Goa conquers the Sultanate of Malacca with a force of 1,200 and seventeen or eighteen ships.[3]
  • 1512: The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca to search for the 'Spice Islands' (Maluku) led by Francisco Serrão. Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to Hitu (northern Ambon) and wins the favour of the local rulers.[4]
  • 1520: In 1520 the Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca.
  • 1520: Sultan Ali Mughayat Shah of Aceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Daya on the west Sumatran coast, and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast.
  • 1521, November: Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches Maluku and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves.
  • 1522: The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate and begin construction of a fort.[4]
  • 1535: The Portuguese in Ternate depose King Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon.[5]
  • 1546 - 1547: Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission.
  • 1562: Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population.[5]
  • 1570: Sultan Hairun of Ternate is killed by the Portuguese.[5]
  • 1575: Following a five-year siege, the Ternateans expel the Portuguese who move to nearby Tidore.[5]
  • 1578: The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[5]
  • 1579: The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku on his circumnavigation of the world.

The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[6]

  • 1595: First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman.[7]
  • 1596, June: de Houtman’s expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura.[7]
  • 1597: de Houtman’s expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit.[7]
  • 1598-1599: The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.[8]
  • 1598: More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitble.[7]
  • 1599, March: Leaving Europe the previous year, a fleet of twenty-two ships under Jacob van Neck of five different companies was the first Dutch fleet to reach the ‘Spice Islands’ of Maluku.[7]
  • 1599 - 1600: The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. Although eight ships are lost, the expedition makes a 400 per cent profit.[7]

1600s

  • 1600: The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon.[9] Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.[9]
  • 1600: Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia.
  • 1602: The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
  • 1602: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies.[9]
The Dutch and English enclaves at Amboyna (top) and Banda (bottom). 1655 engraving.
The Dutch and English enclaves at Amboyna (top) and Banda (bottom). 1655 engraving.
  • 1602, June: British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrives in Aceh and sails on to Bantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.[10]
  • 1603: First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java.[10]
  • 1604: A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encounter in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices[10]
  • 1605, February: The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.[9]
  • 1606: A Spanish fleet occupies Ternate and Tidore.[9]
  • 1610: The VOC establishes the post of Governor General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia.[9]
  • 1611-1617: The English establish trading posts at Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta and Jepara in Java, and Aceh, Pariaman and Jambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.[10]
  • 1611: The Dutch establish a post at Jayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
  • 1613: The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their Solor fort.
  • 1619: Jan Pieterszoon Coen appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing.
Dutch Batavia in the 17th Century, built in what is now North Jakarta
Dutch Batavia in the 17th Century, built in what is now North Jakarta
  • 1619, 30 May: Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, storms the Jayakarta driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes of Jayakarta, establishes Batavia as the VOC headquarters.
  • 1620s: Almost the entire native population of Banda Islands was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour.
  • 1620: Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.[10]
  • 1623: In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the 'Amboyna massacre', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government.[11] The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
  • 1636: The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation.
  • 1646: Sultan Agung of Mataram dies - and is buried at his graveyard at Imogiri
  • 1667: As a result of the Treaty of Breda, the Netherlands and England exchange the islands of Run and Manhattan.

1700s

1800s

  • 1800, 1 January: The bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies is established.
  • 1870: Beginning of a 'Liberal Policy' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.[12]
  • 1873: The beginning of the bloody Aceh War for Dutch occupation of the province.[12]
  • 1888: Founding of the shipping line Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.[12]
  • 1894: Lombok War[12]
  • 1898: General van Heutz becomes chief of staff of Aceh campaign. Wilhelmina becomes queen of the Netherlands.[12]

1900s

Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)

Main article: Japanese Occupation of Indonesia
Japanese advance through Indonesia, 1942
Japanese advance through Indonesia, 1942

Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1950)

Main article: Indonesian National Revolution

1950s

  • 1948 - 1962: Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosoewiryo.[14]
  • 1950, 6 September: The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.[15]
  • 1950, 27 September:Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations.[15]
  • 1951, 21 March: The Natsir cabinet falls[16]
  • 1951, 26 April: The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo.[15]
  • 1952, 25 February: Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns.[16]
  • 1952, 3 April: The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated.[15]
  • 1952, 17 October: Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace.[16].This leads to the suspension ofGeneral Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.[14]
  • 1953, 2 June: The Wilopo cabinet resigns.[16]
  • 1953, 2 June: After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo.[16]
  • 1955, March - 1961, August: Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi.
  • 1955, 18 - 25 April: The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.[17]
  • 1955, 24 July: After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns.[16]
  • 1955, 12 August: Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in.[15]
  • 1955, 29 September: Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections;[13] the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16-22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties.[17]
  • 1955, 15 December: Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly[16]
  • 1956, 3 March: The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch.[16]
  • 1955, 24 March: The second cabinet to be led by Ali Sastroamidjojo takes office.[15]
  • 1956, 3 May: Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949.[15]
  • 1956, 1 December: Hatta resigns as vice-president.[15]
  • 1957, 21 February: President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy[15][16]
  • 1957, March&mdash1961, August: Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi.[17]
  • 1957, 14 March: Martial Law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns.[16]
  • 1957, 9 April: Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister.[15]
  • 1957, 30 November: An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta.[15]
  • 1958, May 18: US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers' failure to subvert the Sukarno government.[17]
  • 1959, 5 July: With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.[17]
  • 1959, 10 July: President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.[18]
  • 1950/60s: Military articulation of doctrines dwifungsi and hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces.[17]

1960s

1960, 9 March Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil taks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace.[15]
  • 1960, 18 February: President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet".[18]
  • 1950, 24 June:The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established. [15]
  • 1960, 17 August:Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over West Papua.[15]
  • 1960, 30 September: President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly.[15]
  • 1961, March 4: An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans.[15]
  • 1961, 17 August:Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta.[15]
  • 1962, January 2:The Manadala Command to "free" West Papua from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier general Suharto.[15]
  • 1962, 15 January: Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding.[15]
  • 1962, 8 March:President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet.[18]
  • 1962, 15 August:The New York Agreement transferring sovereignty of West Papua to Indonesia is signed at the United Nations.[15]
  • 1962, 24 August - 4 September: Indonesia hosts the Fourth Asian Games.[15]
  • 1963, 18 May: Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'.[17]
  • 1963, 1 May: Following UN and Kennedy government pressure, the Netherlands yields West Irian (Papua) to temporary UN supervision.[17][15]
  • 1963 - 1965: Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia.[17]
  • 1963, 18 September': Following demonstrations in Jakarta to prptest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob.[15]
  • 1963, 13 November: President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet".[15]
  • 1963 - 1965: Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia.[13][17]
  • 1964, 27 August: President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet
  • 1965, January: Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.[17]
  • 1965, 30 September: An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya.[17]
  • 1965, 1 October: A counter coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno
  • 1965, October to 1966, March: A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians.[17]
  • 1966, 11 March: General Suharto forces Sukarno to delegate presidential powers to himself by signing the Supersemar. Suharto proceeds to dissolve the Indonesian Communist Party.[19][17]
  • 1967: New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions.[17]
  • 1968, March: Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest.[17]
  • 1968 - 1971: Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm.[17]
  • 1969: Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia following the controversial 'Act of Free Choice'.[17]

1970s

1980s

  • 1980, May: The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun.[20]
  • 1982 - 1983: The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces.[19][20]
  • 1983: Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Titiek at Taman Mini.[20]
  • 1984, 12 September: Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders.[19]
  • 1984, December: Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather.[20]
  • 1985: The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis.[20]
  • 1987: Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.[21]
  • 1988: Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president.[21]
  • 1989: The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh.[21]

1990s

  • 1991: Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement.[21]
  • 1991, 12 November: ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda.[21]
  • 1992: Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administerd since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI).[21]
  • 1992-1993: East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Prabowo and is tried and sentenced.[21]
  • 1993: Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected.[21]
  • 1994, June: Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie’s purchase of the former East German navy.[21]
  • 1996: The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation lead by Prabowo.[21]
  • 1996, April: Ibu Tien Suharto, the president’s wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack.[21]
  • 1996, July: Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party’s popularity.[21]
  • 1997, February: Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur.[21]
  • 1997, June: Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires.[21]
  • 1997, July: The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit.[21]
  • 1997 - 1998: Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy.[21]
  • 1998, 11 March: Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.[22]
  • 1998, late March: Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence.[22]
  • 1998, 12 May: Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources.[22]
  • 1998, 13 May: Memorial services for killed students leads to vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead.[22]
  • 1998, 20 May: For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed.[22]
  • 1998, 21 May, 9 a.m.: After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency.[22]
  • 1998, August: General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003).[22]
  • 1998, 10 November: Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years.[22]
  • 1998, 13 November: On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds.[22]
  • 1999, 19 January: An petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced.[22]
  • 1999, 7 June: Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority.[22]
  • 1999, September: East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined.[22]
  • 1999, 13 September: President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order.[22]
  • 1999, October: The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid who's party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati who's party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.[23]

2000s

  • 2000, Christmas Eve: In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.[23]
  • 2001 - Ethnic violence in Kalimantan as indigenous Dayaks force out Madurese transmigrants. Mass political demonstrations by Wahid's supporters and opponents. IMF stops further loans citing lack of progress in tackling corruption.[24]
  • 2000 - 2001: President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya.[23]
  • 2001, July: President Wahid is impeached chiefly on grounds of incompetence. The parliament elects Megawati president by 592 votes to 0. Hamzah Haz defeats Akbar Tandjung and Lieutenant General (ret.) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[23]
  • 2001, September: President Megawati visits President George Bush a week after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and welcomes American investment. On her return to Indonesia, the Islamic right criticises her cooperation with America's war in Afghanistan, and the nationalist left criticises here for being too suppliant to foreign investors.[23]
  • 2002: Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, the largest Muslim organisations in Indonesia, issue joint statements critical of militant Islamists.[23]
  • 2002, February: Peace talks in Maliano, South Sulawesi appear to end three years of Christian-Muslim violence in Maluku and Poso.[23]
  • 2002, July: Tommy Suharto is sentenced to fifteen years jail for illegal possession of arms, contempt of law, and masterminding the assassination of a Supreme Court judge who had convicted him for graft.[23]
  • 2002, September: House Speaker Akbar Tandjung is sentenced to three years jail for corruption.[23]
  • 2002, October 12: Bombs in the Kuta nightclub district in Bali kill 202 people the world's deadliest terrorist attack since 11 September, 2001. Indonesian police, aided by ten nations, track down Jemaah Islamiyah operatives.[23]
  • 2002, November: Eurico Gutteres is sentenced to ten years prison for crimes committed following the 1999 ballot in East Timor.[23]
  • 2002, December: The Indonesian government and GAM sign a peace accord aimed at ending decades of violence in Aceh. The deal breaks down the following year.[23]
  • 2003, August: Jemaah Islamiyah bomb Jakarta's Marriott hotel killing twelve. All but one of those killed are Indonesians.
  • 2004, April: Parliamentary and local elections: Golkar party of former President Suharto wins greatest share of vote, with Megawati Sukarnoputri's PDI-P coming second.[24]
  • 2004, October: Indonesia's first direct presidential election elects Bambang Yudhoyono following popular disillusionment with incumbent Megawati.
  • 2004, 9 September: A bomb blast outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta kills 11 and injures up to 100 people.
  • 2004, 26 December: An earthquake-triggered tsunami kills an estimated 160,000 and causes widespread devastation.
  • 2005: Bombings in Bali kill 20 people.
  • 2005: Government and Free Aceh Movement separatists sign a peace deal providing for rebel disarmament and the withdrawal of government soldiers from the province. Rebels begin handing in weapons in September; government completes troop pull-out in December.[24]
  • 2006, May: A powerful earthquake kills thousands of people in the Yogyakarta region in central Java.[24]
  • 2007: Adam Air Flight 574 crashes into the sea off Sulawesi, killing all 102 onboard.

References

General references

  • Feith, Herbert (2007) The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, ISBN 979-3870-45-2
  • Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-01834-6.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. 2001. A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4480-7
  • Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 2 (1950-1964) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 2 (1950-1964)
  • Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 3 (1965-1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 3 (1965-1973)
  • Simanjuntak, P.H.H (2003) Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi (Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia: From the Start of Independence to the Reform era, Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta, ISBN 979-428-499-8
  • Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.

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Indonesia's Profile


Indonesia's Profile
GEOGRAPHICAL
Indonesia is the world's archipelagic country, it has a total of 17.508 islands. Indonesia extends between 6 degree country, it was until 11 degree indonesia, and from 97 degree until 144 degree, also it is situated between two continents.i.e. Asia and Australia/Oceania. This strategic location has a significant influence towards its Culture, Social, Politics and Economy.Indonesia's territory extends along 3.977 mile between the indian ocean and the pacific ocean. If the coastal area between the islands be connected, Indonesia's area would become 1.9 million square miles.There are five large islands in indonesia, they are : Sumatera with an area of 473.606 square km, Java with an area of 132.107 square km, Borneo / Kalimantan (The third biggest island in the world) with an area of 539.460 square km, Sulawesi with an are of 189.216 square km, and Papua with an area of 421.981 square km.GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
The islands in Indonesia was formed in the Miocene Era (12 million years BC), Palaecene Era (70 million years BC), Eocene Era (30 million years BC) and Oligacene Era (25 million years BC). With the arrival of people from Asia, Indonesia was believed to have existed in the Pleistocene Era (4 million years BC).The islands were formed due to strong tectonic alterations in Australia and The Pacific.Therfore, this makes Indonesia to be one of the countries that often changes its geological area in the world. The mountains in the Indonesian islands number more than 400 volcanoes, of which 100 are still active.Indonesia suffers vibrations 3 times per day, earthquares occurs once a day, and a minimum of one volcano erupting per year.COUNTRY FOUNDATION
Pancasila is the philosophical foundation of indonesia, which comes from two sanscrit words "PANCA" meaning Five, and "SILA" meaning Principles.Pancasila consists of Five Interconnecting Principles:
1.
The Belief in One God
2.
Humanity which is Civil and Just
3.
A United Indonesia
4.
Wise Representation of Democracy
5.
Social Justice for Every Indonesian Citizen
Indonesia is a Democratic country which is Governed by a presidential system and pancasila constitute the Principles underlying Democracy. Democracy founded upon the Five Principles is called Democracy Pancasila.The country's foundation was announced by President Soekarno (Indonesia's First President) at the republic of Indonesia's Independance Proclamation on the 17th of August 1945.
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OUTLINE : FOLLOW THE LEADER
Tony Evans

Text: Hebrews 13:17–24
Topic: How we must answer our personal calling to impact the world
Introduction
• A church fails for one of two reasons: poor leadership or lack of congregational support.
• Leaders must lead well, but they need people to follow well, too.
- Hebrews 13:7–24
• The church only develops properly when members play their part; if we fail to do and be what God has called us to do and be, we will never disciple the church or impact the world.

Relate properly to your leadership.
• The writer of Hebrews asks that you simply remember those who have led you; don't take for granted leadership that is leading well.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:12–13
• Hold quality leadership in highest esteem—it's hard to come by!
• The writer of Hebrews says we must also obey our leaders.
• There must be a chain of command in the family of God, marked by obedience.
• We're not talking about blind obedience or dictatorial attitudes.
- 1 Peter 5:3
• On the other hand, there's not to be disrespect for leadership.
• There is to be obedience, as long as what the leader asks of you is commensurate with the Word of God—even if it's not your preference, or you wouldn't do it "that way."
• We are all held accountable in this area of our lives.
• One reason you may not be receiving a blessing in your life is because you have a rebellious attitude.
• One of the most important questions of the church is not only, "Leaders, what have you done for me lately?" There is another question: "Members, what have you done for leaders lately?"
• Along with remembering and obeying your leaders, greet your leaders.
• Illustration: With a greeting of shalom, Hebrews were saying, "How are you, over all?"
• When the writer tells us to greet leaders, he wants us to express personal concern.
• We are to look out for the concerns of our leaders—to be an encouragement for their well-being.

Use your gifts.
• Along with properly relating to leadership, each member of the church is responsible to use his or her God-given talents to serve the rest of the church, building up the body of Christ.
- Ephesians 4
• God has given the church staff to equip the body for works of service; just as you can't build a home without work, you can't build a church without work.
• You only have to have one bad part to stop the whole church.
• You don't hire a pastor or a pastoral team to replace the work of a body; you hire staff to equip you to do the work of ministry.
• A church will not grow, and a body will not expand, unless every member says, "I must play a part."
• I believe it is a sin to benefit from a ministry to which you do not contribute; everyone who claims to be a member of the church but does not use his or her time and talents to serve the church insults God—the one who invited them into his home in the first place.
- 1 Peter 4:10–11
• Spiritual gifts are divine enablements, empowered by the Holy Spirit, that allow you to glorify God and build up his family.
• I would like to suggest that every believer only has one spiritual gift.
• A person may be multi-talented, but they are singularly gifted; the difference is, God has given you one gift at a time to use uniquely for the building and promotion of his body.
- Illustration: God could take a natural love for coaching and so infuse it with the power of the Holy Spirit that young boys are being developed into young, godly men.
• It becomes a spiritual gift when it's being used to glorify God and build up the body.
Support strong family structures.
• A church, Paul insists, must be comprised of strong families, because the church itself is a family.
• Because Satan will attack your family, you must fight for your family.
- 1 Timothy 5:8
• The Greek word for "provide" is a very interesting word, meaning "to think ahead" or "to provide by seeing in advance."
• Man's responsibility is to set a process into motion that assures the progress and well-being of the family.
• Women are to bear children to produce a godly seed to counteract the unrighteous seed.
• Women are to keep house, managing the affairs of the home.
Conclusion
• My challenge for us is simply to become a better membership—and we'll try to be better leaders as we all build this church together.

PreachingToday.com & Christianity Today International
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INDONESIA: ISLAMIC GROUPS SECURE CLOSURE OF TWO CHURCHES



Monday December 03, 2007


INDONESIA: ISLAMIC GROUPS SECURE CLOSURE OF TWO CHURCHES Baptist, Catholic congregations shut down after Muslim extremists attack, protest.
GKBJ Sepatan church members
JAKARTA, December 3 (Compass Direct News) – Attacking the house of a Baptist pastor and protesting the presence of a Catholic temple, radical Muslim groups got authorities to close down two churches in the past two weeks.
In Banten province, extremists from the Islamic Defender Forces (Front Pembela Islam, or FPI) on November 21 attacked the Tangerang home of the Rev. Bedali Hulu, pastor at Jakarta Christian Baptist Church (GKBJ), kicking out doors and windows, breaking glass and throwing the pastor’s belongings from the house. The church had been meeting in the pastor’s home.
At the time of the attack, only the pastor’s mother-in-law and a member of the church, Temaziduhu Laoli, were in the house, located at Perumahan Permata Sepatan, Desa Pisangan Jaya in Tangerang. Habib Muhammad Assegaf led the attack.
As a result of the attack and objections to the church, Rev. Hulu met with Pisangan Jaya village leaders on November 22 – with the result that officials asked him to leave the territory until tensions cooled. Activities at the church, which has a permit and is registered with Religious Affairs authorities, came to a halt.
“It’s okay for a while, but I’ll be back,” said Rev. Hulu. His wife and his mother-in-law were allowed to remain in their house.
The pastor previously had met with Pisangan Jaya village authorities on Nov. 8, sources said, after about 10 Muslim extremists on November 4 arrived at a Sunday school class at the house church, ordering shocked children to stop meeting. That night, they said, protestors returned and forced those present to halt their worship.
Rev. Bedali Hulu and his wife
Before the November 21 attack, sources said, Muslim extremists from the FPI on November 19 hand-delivered a letter to Rev. Hulu at his home demanding that the church close down.
At the November 22 meeting with the pastor were GKBJ leaders and Hanie Lawrence, chairman of Damai Sejahtera Party (PDS) of Banten territory, along with Pisangan Jaya Village leaders under the district military post command.
The PDS’s Lawrence told Compass that the Muslim extremists of the FPI were mistaken by claiming all area residents supported the closing of the church. He said one of the Muslim group’s demands was that the church pay a fee.
The church activities began in June 2005, and objections didn’t arise until January 4, 2007, when area residents asked that the church shut down because it was meeting in a home.
Loud Demands
In West Jakarta, about 75 Muslim demonstrators on November 23 demanded a halt to the ministries of Damai Kristus (Christ’s Peace), a Catholic church in Kampung Duri.
Marching against the church ostensibly because it didn’t have the proper permit for expansion – local authorities had denied the parish priest’s application without explanation – the irate demonstrators walked from Al Maulana mosque to the church yelling “Allahu Akbar [God is Great].”
About 15 protesters, including members of the FPI, undertook tense discussions with the church board at the parish house, along with some local government members. Under the banners of The South Duri Region Mosque-Musholla and the Majlis Ta’lim Cooperation Forum, they submitted several demands that in essence would require the church to stop all of its activities – permanently.
Sources said the protestors threatened violence if church leaders refused to comply with their demands and tried to force clergymen to remove all religious symbols.
The church leaders refused their demand to cease activities, saying such requests could only be made by an official letter from West Jakarta officials. The protestors left the church, returning shortly thereafter with a letter from the Tambora district head requiring the church to halt its ministries.
Previously, beginning November 19, local officials and police had asked church leaders to explain new construction on the church premises, pointing out that the parish priest did not have a permit to build a place of worship. Clergymen Anton Corebima and Frans Susanto explained that the new construction was for living quarters, not a church.
The parish priest had applied for the building permit and was immediately refused without explanation, according to Asia News.
The property had been zoned as a residential area, with the Mother of Sacred Heart Foundation originally using it for a multi-function room of a Catholic school, the agency reported. Gradually it grew into a small church, and area zoning was changed from residential to social function in 1998.
The church, which is registered with religious authorities, reportedly has some 4,000 parishioners.
END
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